Ceramic compounds in the pads means the pads will handle heat better than organic pads, and not glaze as much. That reduces fading. It has nothing to do with calipers. If you brake harder, whatever pad you have, you will produce more heat and the caliper will see that heat at some point. So yes, the calipers will be stressed more with pads that improve stopping distances, because there is more heat to dissipate.

That said, heat doesn't lock up calipers. Caliper problems are usually caused by corrosion in the bore of the caliper cylinder, and that corrosion is usually caused by water in the brake fluid sitting there behind the piston, at the lowest point in the system. There is no impact to the piston or caliper from the de-icing compounds spread on the roads, unless you have corrosion on the sliding pins of the floating caliper.

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2007 X3 3.0si, 6 MT, Premium, White

Retired:
2008 535i, 6 MT, M Sport, Premium, Space Grey
2003 X5 3.0 Steptronic, Premium, Titanium Silver
2002 325xi 5 MT, Steel Grey
2004 Z4 3.0 Premium, Sport, SMG, Maldives Blue